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AP物理C力学词汇

instantaneous acceleration

瞬间加速度

Acceleration measured at a particular instant in time.

instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度

Vector form of speed measured at a particular instant in time.

scalar 标量

A quantity that can completely be specified by a magnitude.

vector 矢量

A quantity that is completely specified by a magnitude and a direction; the direction of a vector can be given in several formats, including positive and negative values; trigonometric functions; north, south, forward, up, and down coordinates; or any term useful for the physical situation.

acceleration 加速度

Describes the change in velocity within a time interval in units of meters per second per second (m/s).

displacement 位移

A vector quantity that determines the change in position of an object by measuring the straight-line distance and direction from the starting point to the ending point.

distance 路程

A scalar quantity that measures the total length of the path taken by a moving object.

speed 速度

A scalar quantity measuring the time rate of change of distance.

velocity 速度

A vector quantity representing the time rate of change of displacement.

free fall 自由落体

Any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it.

kinematics

运动学 In mechanics, the study of how objects move.

equilibrium force 平衡力

The force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the resultant of two or more forces that brings a system into equilibrium.

friction 摩擦力

The opposing force between two surfaces that are sliding or rolling parallel to one another that opposes the applied force on an object.

inertia 惯性 The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

Newton"s First Law 牛顿第一定律

Newton’s First Law says that an object will continue in its state of motion unless compelled to change by a net force impressed upon it.

normal force 弹力

The force that is exerted by any object in contact with another object.

static friction 静摩擦

Friction that occurs when there is no relative motion between two surfaces (e.g., a book sitting on an incline).

weight 重力

The force of gravity on an object.

Newton"s Second Law

牛顿第二定律

The magnitude of the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass; the direction of the resultant acceleration is in the direction of the resultant force.

action-reaction pairs 作用力与反作用力

Sets in which forces are always found, reflecting the fact that for every action there is a simultaneous equal and opposite reaction.

Newton"s Third Law 牛顿第三定律

If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on object A by object B is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object B by object A;these forces are opposite in direction.

angular acceleration 角加速度 Rate at which changes in angular velocity occur.

angular velocity 角速度

Measure of changes in angular displacement as they occur over time.

average acceleration 平均加速度

Acceleration measured over a substantive time interval.

average velocity 平均速度

The vector form of speed and the displacement per time interval; a measurement taken over the entire interval.

centripetal acceleration 向心加速度

Acceleration toward the center of a circular path.

centripetal force 向心力

The force that maintains circular motion; equal to mass × centripetal acceleration.

uniform circular motion

匀速圆周运动

Motion around a circle at a constant speed.

universal gravitational constant 万有引力常数

G, a number that had to be measured experimentally; its value is G = 6.67 × 10 N ⋅ m2 /kg2.

work 功

The force applied multiplied by the displacement over which the force is applied.

conservative force 保守力

A force that creates no net loss of energy when used to do work (e.g., gravity).

Hooke’s law 胡克定律

Strain is proportional to stress on a spring below the elastic limit of the spring.

kinetic energy 动能

The energy possessed by a mass because of its motion relative to a frame of reference.

work energy theorem 动能定理

Theorem stating that the net work, W , done on an object equals the change in kinetic energy, ΔK, of the object: W = ΔK = K – K.

force 力

Push or pull exerted on an object that causes acceleration.

power 功率

Measure of the rate at which work is done; work (or change in energy) divided by time interval.

watt (W) 瓦特

The SI unit of power, equal to 1 J/s.

center of mass 质量中心

Point at which an object’s weight is concentrated or centered; point used to describe the object’s responses to external forces.

impulse 冲量

Force multiplied by the time over which the force is applied.

momentum 动量

Mass × velocity

elastic collision 弹性碰撞

A collision between two objects in which there is a rebounding and no loss of kinetic energy occurs.

inelastic 非弹性

A collision in which two masses interact and stick together, leading to an apparent loss of kinetic energy.

phase 相位

Phase (waves), the position of a point in time (an instant) on a waveform cycle.

restoring force 回复力

Restoring force, in a physics context, is a force that gives rise to an equilibrium in a physical system.

simple harmonic motion

简谐运动

The oscillating motion that occurs when the force restoring the system to its equilibrium position is directly proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position.

spring constant 劲度系数

In SI units, displacements are measured in meters (m), and forces in Newtons (N or kg·m/s2). Therefore, the spring constant k, and each element of the tensor κ, is measured in Newtons per meter (N/m), or kilograms per second squared (kg/s2).

strain 应变

Strain, a geometrical measure of deformation representing the relative displacement between particles in a material body.

stress 应力

The internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.

vibration 摆动

Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point.

amplitude 振幅

Measurable feature of a wave corresponding to the maximum value that the medium is disturbed from equilibrium (i.e., its condition when there is no wave present).

elastic potential energy 势能

Elastic energy is the potential mechanical energy stored in the configuration of a material or physical system as work is performed to distort its volume or shape.

frequency 频率

The number of completed periodic cycles per second in an oscillation or wave motion.

oscillatory motion 振荡

Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states.

period 周期

The time it takes an object or system to complete one cycle (e.g., a spring or any other simple harmonic oscillator).

lever arm 力臂 The distance between the point of application of a force and the axis.

torque 力矩

The rotational analogue to force; product of force and the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the extended line of the force vector.

equilibrium 平衡

The balancing of all external forces acting on a mass; the result of a zero vector sum of all forces acting on an object.

angular displacement 角位移

Angular displacement of a body is the angle in radians (degrees, revolutions) through which a point revolves around a center or line has been rotated in a specified sense about a specified axis.

angular momentum 角动量

In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum.

kinematics 动力学

Analysis of motion without paying attention to the forces causing the motions.

law of conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒定律

In the absence of external torques, the total angular momentum of a system remains constant.

moment of inertia 转动惯量

The angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a tensor that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration.

rotational inertia 转动惯性

The property of matter that resists the action of applied force trying to change the motion of an object.

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